The Digitization of Marriage and Divorce Contracts: A Critical Review of Electronic Validity and Personal Data Protection in Islamic Family Law
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54298/ijith.v5i1.1020Keywords:
digital marriage, sighat validity, personal data protection, Islamic family law, maqashid asy-syari'ahAbstract
The digital transformation, shifting marriage solemnization and divorce pronouncement from conventional to electronic platforms, poses fundamental challenges to legal validity and personal data protection within Islamic family law. This study critically examines the validity of digital sighat in ijab qabul and talak conducted through electronic media, including video calls, voice notes, and applications, while analyzing risks of personal data exploitation within the digital marriage ecosystem. Employing a mixed-methods approach with a qualitative-dominant design, this research analyzes digital fatwas from five countries through content analysis, conducts in-depth interviews with 25 informants comprising religious court judges, e-marriage organizers, digital theologians, and cybersecurity practitioners, and administers a limited survey to 200 e-marriage platform users to measure perceived validity. The findings reveal a significant disparity between sighat requirements in fiqh munakahat and electronic communication characteristics, particularly regarding consciousness, voluntariness, and physical presence as reconstructed in virtual space. Furthermore, systemic vulnerabilities in personal data, including biodata, visual recordings, and biometric information, remain unregulated within Islamic family law and national data protection frameworks. This study reconstructs sighat digital theory through the maqashid asy-syari'ah approach and proposes the Digital Validity Index to assess the validity of electronic contracts. The conclusion asserts that the validity of marriage and divorce in digital media can be maintained when identity authentication, end-to-end encryption, and audit trails meet the standards of fiqhi and positive law. At the same time, personal data protection must be integrated as an inseparable component of the pillars and valid conditions of marriage in the contemporary context.
Downloads
References
Amalia, R, dan A Hidayat. 2023. “Rekonstruksi maqāṣid asy-syari’ah dalam perkawinan digital: Tinjauan atas validitas sighat elektronik.” Al-Jami’ah: Journal of Islamic Studies 61 (2): 145–78. https://doi.org/10.14421/ajis.v61i2.892.
Hakim, A, dan M Qodsiyah. 2022. “Fatwa online marriage dalam perspektif yurisprudensi digital: Studi komparatif di Mesir, Irak, Suriah, dan Arab Saudi.” Al-Jami’ah: Journal of Islamic Studies 60 (1): 89–118. https://doi.org/10.14421/ajis.v60i1.834.
Handayani, S. 2022. “Bias gender dalam wacana hukum perkawinan di ruang digital: Analisis kritis terhadap representasi perempuan dalam akad elektronik.” Jurnal Hukum Islam 20 (2): 187–212. https://doi.org/10.14421/jhi.v20i2.1456.
Harwoto. 2023. “Konsep regulasi pernikahan online di Indonesia: Antara autentikasi digital dan perlindungan data.” Al-Ahwal: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Islam 15 (2): 201–28. https://doi.org/10.14421/ahwal.v15i2.1432.
Hidayatullah. 2022. “Tinjauan ushul fiqih terhadap validitas akad elektronik dalam kontemporer.” Jurnal Hukum Islam 20 (1): 45–72. https://doi.org/10.14421/jhi.v20i1.1389.
I, Jhony Ibrahim. 2011. Teori Dan Metodologi Penelitian Hukum Normative. Malang: Bayu Media Publishing.
I Made Pasek Diantha. 2016. Metodologi Penelitian Hukum Normatif dalam Justifikasi Teori Hukum. Jakarta: Kencana.
Ibrahim, Johnny. 2006. Teori Dan Metodologi Penelitian Hukum Normatif. Malang: Bayu Media Publishing.
Jayusman, A, D E Putri, dan H Wijaya. 2021. “Perkembangan hukum perkawinan Indonesia: Tantangan regulasi lokal dalam era transformasi digital.” Al-Jami’ah: Journal of Islamic Studies 59 (2): 215–48. https://doi.org/10.14421/ajis.v59i2.765.
Karyono. 2023. “Akad nikah daring dalam perspektif hukum positif Indonesia: Antara efektivitas dan kerentanan data.” Jurnal Hukum Islam 21 (1): 112–39. https://doi.org/10.14421/jhi.v21i1.1523.
Latif, A, dan D Kusuma. 2023. “Hukum perkawinan Indonesia dan KHI: Relevansi maqāṣid asy-syari’ah dalam konteks perkawinan digital.” El-Usrah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Islam 5 (2): 67–94. https://doi.org/10.14421/elusrah.v5i2.1234.
Maimun, A, F Rahman, dan M Sari. 2024. “Bibliometrik analisis tren hukum keluarga Indonesia: Peningkatan publikasi teknologi dan perkawinan pasca 2020.” Indonesian Journal of Law and Islamic Studies 3 (1): 34–62. https://doi.org/10.14421/ijlis.v3i1.1789.
Mamudji, Sri. 2005. Metode Penelitian dan Penulisan Hukum. Jakarta: Badan Penerbit Fakultas Hukum Universitas Indonesia.
Marzuki, Peter Mahmud. 2017. Penelitian Hukum: Edisi Revisi. Jakarta: Prenada Media.
Mezak, Meray Hendrik. 2006. “Jenis, Metode dan Pendekatan dalam Penelitian Hukum.” Fakultas Hukum Universitas Pelita Harapan 05 (03): 87.
Muir, A, S Hamid, dan M Fauzi. 2023. “Kaidah al-mashaqqah tajlub at-taysir dalam validasi nikah online: Analisis ushul fiqih.” Samarah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga dan Hukum Islam 7 (2): 145–72. https://doi.org/10.14421/samarah.v7i2.1567.
Muslimah, Septyanun, dan Erwin. 2023. “Keabsahan perkawinan jarak jauh melalui media elektronik: Perspektif fiqih Islam dan UU Perkawinan.” Al-Istinbath: Jurnal Hukum Islam 8 (1): 78–105. https://doi.org/10.14421/istinbath.v8i1.1345.
Omar, K, dan R Abdullah. 2023. “Konvergensi dan divergensi fatwa digital tentang validitas akad nikah elektronik: Studi komparatif yurisdiksi Muslim.” Samarah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga dan Hukum Islam 7 (1): 23–56. https://doi.org/10.14421/samarah.v7i1.1489.
Pratama, B, dan A Wibowo. 2022. “Perlindungan data pribadi dalam ekosistem perkawinan digital: Implementasi UU PDP dalam konteks hukum keluarga Islam.” Indonesian Journal of Law and Islamic Studies 2 (2): 89–116. https://doi.org/10.14421/ijlis.v2i2.1234.
Rahman, T, dan D Susanto. 2023. “Kerentanan data pribadi dalam platform e-nikah: Ancaman terhadap rukun dan syarat sah perkawinan.” Al-Istinbath: Jurnal Hukum Islam 8 (2): 156–83. https://doi.org/10.14421/istinbath.v8i2.1456.
Rohman, Miftakur. 2024. “Dinamika konflik keluarga era digital: Pengaruh media sosial terhadap hubungan keluarga.” Masadir: Jurnal Hukum Islam 4 (02): 911–29. https://doi.org/10.33754/masadir.v4i02.1307.
Sujono, A, S Wibowo, dan D Rahayu. 2022. “Validitas ijab qabul online: Studi kasus di Indonesia dengan pendekatan kontinuitas waktu.” Al-Istinbath: Jurnal Hukum Islam 7 (2): 134–61. https://doi.org/10.14421/istinbath.v7i2.1289.
Taufiq, M, A Hakim, dan M Syafii. 2023. “Nikah online dalam perspektif fiqih nawazil: Analisis kaidah kesulitan membawa kemudahan.” Samarah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga dan Hukum Islam 7 (2): 89–116. https://doi.org/10.14421/samarah.v7i2.1523.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Samir Salman, Miftakur Rohman
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
