Reconciling Hadiths on Tolerance and Warfare: A Mukhtalif al-Ḥadīth Study on Muslim-Non-Muslim Relations
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54298/ijith.v4i2.532Keywords:
Hadith, Tolerance, War, Mukhtalif al-Hadis, Jam'u wa al-TaufiqAbstract
Hadith is a source of Islamic teachings that has a great influence in shaping the social ethics of Muslims, including in establishing relations with followers of other religions. However, a number of textually contradictory hadiths have been found between the call for tolerance and the order of war against non-Muslims. This study aims to analyze and reconcile the meaning of these traditions through a qualitative approach based on a literature study, using a descriptive-analytical method. The approach of mukhtalif al-ḥadīs and supported by the framework of maqāṣid al-syarī'ah to interpret the purpose of Islamic law as a whole. The results show that the traditions on tolerance apply in peaceful situations and contain the principle of protection of human life, religion, and honor. In contrast, the war traditions are understood contextually as responses to real threats or violations of peace treaties, not as instruments of theological aggression. Thus, the study asserts that reconciliation of the hadith is only possible through a historical, contextual and teleological approach that does not separate the text from the overall purpose of the Shari'ah. The implication of this study is the importance of understanding the hadith as a whole so that it is not used to justify violence in the name of religion.
Downloads
References
Aihiokhai, S. A. (2022). Alterity and Religious Violence in Nigeria: Toward an Interfaith Theology of Recognition. Journal of Ecumenical Studies, 57(4), 569–594. https://doi.org/10.1353/ecu.2022.0038
Al-Asqalani, I. H. (2009). Fatḥ Al-Bārī bi Syarḥ Ṣaḥīḥ Al-Bukhārī diterjemahkan oleh Amiruddin dengan judul Fathul Baari: Penjelasan Kitab Shahih Al Bukhari (Jilid 33). Pustaka Azzam.
Al-Bukhārī, A. A. M. bin I. (1980). Al-Jāmi‘ Al-Ṣaḥīḥ. Maktabah Salafiah.
Al-Buthy, S. R. (2010). Fiqh al-Sirah Al-Nabawiyyah Ma’a Mujaz Litarikh al-Khilafah al-Rasyidah diterjemahkan oleh Fuad Syaifuddin Nur (Cet 1). PT Mizan Publika.
Al-Mubarakfuri, S. (2011). Al-Rahiq al-Makhtum Bahtsun Fi Al-Siratin Nabawiyyati ‘ala Shahibiha Afdhalush Shalati wa Sallam diterjemahkan oleh Agus Suwandi dengan Judul Sirah Nabawiyyah: Sejarah Hidup Nabi Muhammad saw. Ummul Qura.
Al-Naisābūrī, A. al-Ḥusain M. ibn al-Ḥajjāj al-Q. (2006). Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim (Jilid 1). Dār Ṭaibah.
Al-Qattan, M. (2005). Mabahis fi ulumi al-Hadis, diterjemahkan oleh Mifdhol Abdurrahman dengan judul Pengantar studi ilmu hadis. Pustaka Al-Kautsar.
Arifinsyah, Dalimunthe, M. A., & Riza, F. (2025). Islamic Theological Perspectives on Human Rights: Bridging the Gap between Faith and Universal Principles. Pharos Journal of Theology, 106(2), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.46222/pharosjot.106.207
Assidiqi, M. R. (2023). Critical Analysis Hadith of War: Between Historical Context and Contemporary Relevance. An-Nur International Journal of The Quran & Hadith, 1(1), 35–43. https://doi.org/10.62032/aijqh.v1i1.13
Bazith, A. (2014). Jihad Dalam Perspektif Al-Qur’an. Tafsere, 2(1). https://doi.org/https://journal.uin-alauddin.ac.id/index.php/tafsere/article/view/7460/6102
Fadly, M. N. (n.d.). Aturan Perang Dalam Islam dan Hukum Humaniter Internasional. Direktorat Pendidikan Dan Pembinaan Agama Islam. https://doi.org/https://dppai.uii.ac.id/aturan-perang-dalam-islam-dan-hukum-humaniter-internasional/
Farhanah, N. A. (2021). Menangkal Radikalisme dalam Hadis tentang Perintah Perang melalui Reinterpretasi Kontekstual. Jurnal Riset Agama, 1(2), 272–284. https://doi.org/10.15575/jra.v1i2.14566
Gregory F. Treverton, Heather S. Gregg, Daniel Gibran, C. W. Y. (2005). Exploring Religious Conflict. RAND Corporation. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1r4xd2h.38
Ibrahim, A. S. (2024). Muhammad’s Confrontations with the Jews (pp. 198–246). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197769171.003.0005
Imran, M., Baba, M., Mahmud, B., & Taufani. (2021). The Command To Fight Non-Muslims Based On Hadith Perspective (The Micro And Macro Analysis Studies). Jurnal Adabiyah, 21(2), 324–341. https://doi.org/10.24252/jad.v21i2a4
Ismail, H., Arni, J., Arham, I., & Hermanto, E. (2020). Pemikiran Sayyid Quthb tentang Makna Qital dalam Kitab Tafsir Fi Zhilal Al-Qur’an. An-Nida’, 44(2), 144. https://doi.org/10.24014/an-nida.v44i2.12928
Jamrozi, A. S. S., Fikriawan, S., Anwar, S., & Ardiansyah, M. (2022). Maqāsid Al-Sharīa in the Study of Hadith and Its Implication for the Renewal of Islamic Law: Study on Jasser Auda’S Thought. Justicia Islamica, 19(1), 75–93. https://doi.org/10.21154/justicia.v19i1.3269
Mufid, A., Makruf, A., Hidayat, T. N., & Mayasari, D. (2022). Relevance Of Different Methods Of Complexing Mukhtalif Hadith In Preserving The Truth In Interpreting A Hadith. Tasamuh: Jurnal Studi Islam, 14(2), 233–250. https://doi.org/10.47945/tasamuh.v14i2.597
Muthalib, S. A. (2023). Establishment of Islamic Law based on Mukhtalif Hadiths: A Study on Ibn Qutaybah’s Thoughts. Jurnal Ilmiah Al-Mu Ashirah, 20(1), 219. https://doi.org/10.22373/jim.v20i1.17697
Nasional, P. B. D. P. (2007). Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. Balai Pustaka.
Nawawi, T. T. (2023). The Role of Tasamuh According to Islam in maintaining National Unity and Integrity. Jurnal Info Sains: Informatics and Science, 13(02), 575–581. https://doi.org/https://ejournal.seaninstitute.or.id/index.php/InfoSains/article/view/3060
Rusdi, M., Sebayang, V. A., Kholil, S., & Syam, A. M. (2024). Islam and the Ethics of War: Deconstructing Jihad through the Principle of Humanism in Theological Discourses. Ekklēsiastikos Faros. https://doi.org/10.46222/pharosjot.105.57
Siregar, I., Hasyim, U., & Rabbani, M. (2024). Studi terhadap Hadis yang Sering Disalahgunakan untuk Mendukung Aksi Terorisme. Tsaqofah, 4(5), 3377–3385. https://doi.org/10.58578/tsaqofah.v4i5.3283
Sudarmanto, E., Kaswoto, J., Warto, W., Budiman, M., & Wahyono, Z. (2025). Maqashid Sharia as a Framework for Innovation in Corruption Prevention. International Journal of Islamic Thought and Humanities, 4(1), 38–50. https://doi.org/10.54298/ijith.v4i1.313
Suryani, H., & Kambali. (2023). Toleransi Menurut Perspektif Studi Islam: Pemahaman, Relevansi, Tantangan Dan Prospek Dalam Masyarakat Kontemporer. MUSHAF JOURNAL : Jurnal Ilmu Al Quran Dan Hadis, 3(3), 455–466. https://doi.org/https://mushafjournal.com/index.php/mj/article/view/196
UNESCO. (1995). International Day for Tolerance. https://www.unesco.org/en/days/tolerance#:~:text=,and ways of being human
Usman, I. (2023). Islam, Toleransi Dan Kerukunan Umat Antar Beragama. Borneo : Journal of Islamic Studies, 3(2), 117–132. https://doi.org/10.37567/borneo.v3i2.1474
Zahri, A. F., Nabilah, D., Hudal, M., & Ilmi, H. (2024). Integration of Moderation and Tolerance in Hadith to Create Peace: A Study of the Thought of Aḥmad al-Ṭayyib. Hunafa: Jurnal Studia Islamika, 21(1), 41–54. https://doi.org/10.24239/jsi.Vol21.Iss1.769
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Amrullah, Muhammaddiyah Amin, La Ode Ismail Ahmad, M. Ilham

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).